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This article is about the city in Tamil Nadu, India. For the administrative district of Madurai, see. Madurai is one of the major cities in the of. It is the administrative headquarters of , the third largest city in and in India. Located on the banks of , Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. The of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by , the Greek ambassador to the , and , a minister of the Mauryan emperor. Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300BC are evident from excavations by in Manalur. The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the , , , , , , and the. The city has a number of historical monuments, with the and being the most prominent. Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile, , chemical and manufacturing industries. Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the , Homeopathic Medical College, , Agricultural College and Research Institute. Madurai city is administered by established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act. The city covers an area of 147. The city is also the seat of a bench of the. The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004. Madurai is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the grooves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been covered with Kadamba forest and hence called Kadambavanam. The word Madurai may be derived from Madhura sweetness arising out of the divine nectar showered on the city by the Hindu god from his matted hair. Another theory is that Madurai is the derivative of the word Marutham, which refers to the type of landscape of the. A town in the neighbouring is called Vada Madurai North Madurai and another in is called. The different names by which the city has been referred to historically are listed in the 7th-century poem Thiruvilayaadal puraanam written by Paranjothi Munivar. Koodal means an assembly or congregation of scholarly people, referring to the three Tamil Sangams held at Madurai. Naanmadakoodal, meaning the junction of four towers, refers to the four major temples for which Madurai was known for. Hand coloured antique wood engraving drawn by W. Purser 1858 shows Madurai city as seen from the north bank of the Madurai has been inhabited since at least the 3rd century BCE. Madurai is also mentioned in 's 370—283 BCE. Madurai is mentioned in the works of historians 61 — c. Coin of , first ruler of the , 1335—1339 CE After the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the , which was ousted by the around 590 CE. The Pandyas were outsted from Madurai by the during the early 9th century. The city remained under the control of the Cholas until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital. After the death of 1268—1308 CE , Madurai came under the rule of the. The then seceded from Delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the in 1378 CE. Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the. Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by 1740 — 1754 CE , and 1725 — 1764 CE in the middle of 18th century. In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the and was annexed to the. The British government made donations to the and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule. The city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district. In 1837, the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the British. The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets — Veli, Marat and Perumaal Mesthiri streets. The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 CE. The British government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government. The city, along with the district, was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and subsequently, five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration. Police stations were established in Madurai city, housing the headquarters of the District Superintendent. Under the British Madurai prospered. It was in Madurai, in 1921, that , pre-eminent leader of in British-ruled India, first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it. Leaders of the independence movement in Madurai included , Mohammad Ismail Sahib. The Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act passed by the government of under in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting and from entering Hindu temples. The temple entry movement was first led in Madurai Meenakshi temple by independence activist in 1939. Map of Madurai showing centre of the city and some important landmarks Madurai is built around the Meenakshi Amman Temple, which acted as the geographic and ritual centre of the ancient city of Madurai. The city is divided into a number of concentric quadrangular streets around the temple. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated. The temple outer precincts of a temple and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets. Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets appearing liken a lotus and its petals. The city's axes were aligned with the four quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets. With the advent of British rule during the 19th century, Madurai became the headquarters of a large colonial political complex and an industrial town; with urbanisation, the social hierarchical classes became unified. It has an average elevation of 101 metres. The city of Madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river , which runs in the northwest-southeast direction through the city, dividing it into two almost equal halves. The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai. The land in and around Madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity, which is fostered by the. Madurai lies southeast of the western ghats, and the surrounding region occupies the plains of South India and contains several mountain spurs. The soil type in central Madurai is predominantly clay loam, while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city. Paddy is the major crop, followed by pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and sugarcane. The municipal corporation of Madurai has an area of 147. Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year. Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring. The hottest months are from March to July. The city experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and a slightly cooler climate from November to February. Fog and dew are rare, occurring only during the winter season. Being equidistant from mountains and the sea, it experiences similar monsoon pattern with and , with the former providing more rain during October to December. The average annual rainfall for the Madurai district is about 85. Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 40 °C and a minimum of 26. Winter temperatures range between 29. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity. The maximum temperature of 42 °C for the decade of 2001 — 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010. Climate data for Madurai, India 1971—2000 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 39. ±% 1951 361,781 — 1961 424,810 +17. A total of 100,324 were under the age of six, constituting 51,485 males and 48,839 females. The average literacy of the city was 81. The urban agglomeration of Madurai had a population of 1,465,625, and is the third largest in Tamil Nadu and the 31st in India. Tamil is spoken by most, and the standard dialect is the Madurai Tamil dialect. Roman Catholics in Madurai are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madurai, while Protestants are affiliated with the Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the. In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise 32. The increase in growth rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to 1981 is due to the city's upgrade to a municipal corporation in 1974 and the subsequent inclusion of 13 into the corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 is due to the bifurcation of into two, Madurai and in 1984, and the subsequently of part of the city into the in 1997. The compounded annual growth rate dropped from 4. Building of the Madurai Bench of Madras High court The was constituted on 1 November 1866 as per the Town Improvement Act of 1865. The municipality was headed by a chairperson and elections were regularly conducted for the post except during the period 1891 to 1896, when no elections were held due to violent factionalism. During the early years of independent India, the Madurai municipality was dominated by reformists of the. Madurai was upgraded to a on 1 May 1971 as per the Madurai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1971. It is the second oldest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, after Chennai. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 100 members, one each from the 100 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor. The corporation received several awards in 2008 for implementing development works. Front view of the corporation office The city of Madurai is represented in the by six elected members, one each for the Madurai East, Madurai West, Madurai North, Madurai Central, Madurai South and thirupparankundram constituencies. Madurai is also a part of the Madurai Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the , the lower house of the , once every five years. From 1957, the Madurai parliament seat was held by the seven times in the 1962—67, 1971—77, 1977—80, 1980—84, 1984—89, 1989—91 and 1991 elections. The won the seat three times during 1967—71, 1999—2004 and 2004—09 general elections. The 1957—61 , 1996—98 , 1998 , 2009—2014 and 2014—2019 have each won once. Law and order is enforced by the , which, for administrative purposes, has constituted Madurai city as a separate district. The district is divided into four sub-divisions, namely Thallakulam, Anna Nagar, Thilagar Thidal and Town, with a total of 27 police stations. The Madurai city police force is headed by a , assisted by Deputy Commissioners. Enforcement of law and order in the suburban areas are handled by the Madurai district police. In 2008, the crime rate in the city was 283. As of 2008, Madurai recorded the second highest SLL Special and Local Laws crimes, at 22,728, among cities in Tamil Nadu. However, Madurai had the second lowest crime rate at 169. The city is also the seat of a bench of the , one of only a few outside the state capitals of India. It started functioning in July 2004. A view of Madurai Airport Road The , , and pass through Madurai. The state highways passing through the city are SH-33, SH-72, SH-72A, SH-73 and SH-73A which connect various parts of Madurai district. Madurai is one of the seven circles of the Tamil Nadu State Highway network. Madurai is the headquarters of the and provides local and inter-city bus transport across the districts of , , , ,. Madurai has three bus terminals, namely, MIBT and for inter city buses and Periyar Bus stand for intra city buses. There are 12,754 registered three-wheeled vehicles called auto rickshaws, which are commercially available for renting within the city. In addition to the government operated city buses, there are 236 registered private mini-buses that support local transportation. Rail is the major railway station serving the city. It is an important railway junction in southern Tamil Nadu and is one of the top 100 booking stations in Indian Railways. It is the headquarters of the Madurai division of the. There are direct trains from connecting Madurai with major cities and towns across India. The state government announced a project for Madurai in 2011, which is in planning stages. There are ten other sub urban railway stations serving the city. Air Madurai airfield was first used by the in in 1942. The first passenger flight was a aircraft from Madras in 1956. The airport was declared a in 2012 allowing limited number of international flights. It offers domestic flights to some cities in India and international services to , and for now on daily basis started by from FEB2018. The carriers operating from the airport are , , , , and. The airport handled 842,300 passengers between April 2015 and March 2016. The airport was identified as one of 35 non-metro airports for modernisation and a new integrated terminal building was inaugurated on 12 September 2010. All three assemblies of the Tamil language, the about the 3rd century to the 3rd century CE , were said to have been held at Madurai. Tamil poets of different epochs participated in these assemblies, and their compositions are referred to as. During the third Tamil sangam, the comparative merit of the poets was decided by letting the works float in the lotus tank of the temple. It was believed that a divine force would cause the work of superior merit to float on the surface, while the inferior ones would sink. The is the oldest college in Madurai, and was established in 1881 by American Christian missionaries. The , established in 1948, is the oldest women's college in Madurai. There are 47 approved institutions of the university in and around the city, consisting of autonomous colleges, aided colleges, self-financing colleges, constituent colleges, evening colleges and other approved institutions. There are seven polytechnical schools and five ITIs in Madurai, with the Government ITI and the Government Polytechnic for Women being the most prominent of them all. There are two government medical institutes in Madurai, and Homoeopathic Medical College, Thirumangalam and 11 paramedical institutes. There are fifteen engineering colleges in Madurai affiliated to , with the being the oldest. The , established in 1979, is one of the seven government law colleges in the state. It is administered by the Tamil Nadu Government Department of Legal Studies, and affiliated with the. There are three teacher training institutes, two music colleges, three management institutes and 30 arts and sciences colleges in Madurai. The agricultural college and research institute in Madurai, started in 1965 by the state government, provides agricultural education to aspirants in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. There are a total of 369 primary, secondary and higher secondary schools in the city. A software company at Thirupparankundram Madurai was traditionally an agrarian society, with rice paddies as the main crop. Cotton crop cultivation in the regions with black soil in Madurai district was introduced during the rule during the 16th century to increase the revenue from agriculture. Farmers in the district supplement their income with subsidiary occupations like dairy farming, poultry-farming, pottery, brick making, mat-weaving and carpentry. An average of 2,000 farmers sell flowers daily at the flower market. With the advent of SSI after 1991, the industrialisation of Madurai increased employment in the sector across the district from 63,271 in 1992—93 to 166,121 persons in 2001—02. Madurai is one of the few rubber growing areas in South India, and there are rubber-based industries in Madurai. Gloves, sporting goods, mats, other utility products and automobile rubber components are the most produced items by these industries. Automobile manufacturers are the major consumers of rubber components produced in the city. There are numerous textile, granite and chemical industries operating in Madurai. The city has a vast economic development as well with people buying swanky cars. The car manufacturers found this as opportunity and has setup showrooms here in kappalur. Madurai is promoted as a tier II city for and some software companies have opened their in Madurai. The state government proposed two IT-based SEZ in Madurai, and these have been fully occupied by various IT companies. HCL Technologies and HoneyWell have their own campuses in ELCOT IT Park in Madurai. Kazimar Big Mosque, the oldest Muslim place of worship in the city is a historic located on the south side of the in Madurai and is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city. It is dedicated to and her consort,. The complex houses 14 s gateway towers ranging from 45—50 metres 148—164 ft in height, the tallest being the southern tower, 51. There are also two golden sculptured shrines over the sanctum of the main deities. The temple is a significant symbol for and has been mentioned since antiquity in , though the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE. It has idols of the nine planet deities , which are otherwise found only in Shiva temples. The deity, Kallazhagar, is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi, the presiding deity at the Meenakshi temple. The festival calendars of these two temples overlap during the Meenakshi Thirukalyanam festival. The temple is the first among the Six Abodes of Murugan and is one of the most visited tourist spots in Madurai, next only to the Meenakshi Amman Temple. The temple has a wide range of Hindu gods carved on the walls. It was constructed under the supervision of Syed Tajuddin, who is a descendant of Islamic Prophet and the the grave of Meer Ahmad Ibrahim Periya Hazrat, Meer Amjad Ibrahim Chinna Hazrat and Syed Abdus Salam Ibrahim Saalim Hazrat is located inside the mosque. Kazi Syed Tajuddin came from and received the piece of land as a gift from the Pandyan ruler , during the 13th century for the construction of the mosque. Since its inception till today the mosque is being managed by descendants of Kazi Syed Tajuddin and traditionally the Kazis of Madurai city to the Govt. Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the. Pillared halls of Thirumalai Nayakar Palace, built during 1636 CE and a national monument Madurai is popularly called Thoonga Nagaram meaning the city that never sleeps, on account of the active night life. The city attracts a large number of tourists from within the country and abroad. About 9,100,000 tourists visited Madurai in 2010, including 524,000 foreigners. Madurai is now attracting medical tourism also. The palace complex of was constructed in the Indo-Saracenic style by in 1636 CE. It is a national monument maintained by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department. The daily sound and light show organised by the department explains the virtues of King Thirumalai and the features of the palace. The palace of Rani Mangamma has been renovated to house one of the five Gandhi Sangrahalayas in the country. It includes a part of the blood-stained garment worn by Mahatma Gandhi when he was assassinated by. A visit by Dr. The Eco park, situated in Tallakulam, features fountains and lighting in trees using optical fibres. Rajaji children's park, maintained by the Madurai Municipal Corporation, is situated between the Gandhi museum and the Tamukkam grounds. It has a visitor average of 5000 per day during holidays and 2000—3000 on working days. Madurai also has Theme Park, Athisayam which is situated in Paravai, Madurai — Dindugal main road. MGR Race Course Stadium is an athletic stadium which has a synthetic track and a swimming pool. Several national meets are held here. It also hosts several international and national level championships. Gandhi Memorial Museum, one of the five Gandhi Sangrahalayas in India The people of Madurai celebrate numerous festivals, including Meenakshi Tirukkalyanam, the Chittirai Festival and the. The annual 10-day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, also called Chittirai festival, is celebrated during April—May every year and attracts one million visitors. Legend has it that the Hindu god , as Alagar, rode on a golden horse to Madurai to attend the celestial wedding of Meenakshi Parvati and Sundareswarar Shiva. During the Cradle festival, the festive idols of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are taken in procession to a mirror chamber and set on a rocking swing for nine days. Avanimoolam festival is celebrated during September when the 64 sacred games of Shiva, thiruvilayadal, are recited. The festival, or float festival, is celebrated on the full moon day of the Tamil month Thai, which falls around January — February, to celebrate the birth anniversary of King Thirumalai Nayak. The decorated icons of Meenakshi and her consort are taken out in a procession from the Meenakshi Temple to the Mariamman Teppakulam. The icons are floated in the tank on a raft decked with flowers and flickering lamps. The bull taming event is held in the villages surrounding Madurai, and people from the neighbouring villages throng to the open grounds to watch man and bull pitting their strength against each other. The event was banned in the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 following an order by the. The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned and private channels like , , and. The most read Tamil language daily morning newspapers include , , and — all these newspapers have editions from Madurai. There are also daily Tamil evening newspapers like , and published in Madurai. Television broadcasting from Chennai for whole of was started on 15 August 1975. Direct-to-home cable television services are provided by and other private service providers. Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the TNEB. The city is the headquarters of the Madurai region of TNEB and along with its suburbs, forms the Madurai Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is further divided into six divisions. Water supply is provided by the with overhead tanks and power pumps. In the period 2010—2011, a total of 950. About 400 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city every day by door-to-door collection, and the subsequent source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Madurai Municipal corporation All the major channels in Madurai are linked by the corporation to receive the flood water from primary, secondary and tertiary drains constructed along the roadsides to dispose of rain water. The sewer system was first established by the British in Madurai in 1924 to cover the core city area, which covers 30 per cent of the present city area. It was further expanded in 1959 and 1983 by a corporation plan. The 2011 covered 90 per cent of households with underground drainage system. Madurai comes under the Madurai telecom district of the BSNL , India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications and CDMA mobile services are available. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides service and Caller Line Identification CLI based internet service Netone. A regional passport office was opened on 17 December 2007 and caters to the needs of nine districts. The city is served by the. Central Pollution Control Board, Govt of India. Archived from PDF on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2017. PDF from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Archived from XLS on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2015. 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There are a total of 369 primary, secondary and higher secondary schools in the city. Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai. Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the. They also need friendship and future life partner. Retrieved 29 June 2012. Directorate of census operations — Tamil Nadu. Retrieved 22 August 2012. The average literacy of the sin was 81.
